启动 FlutterEngine 和 FlutterViewController
使用 FlutterAppDelegate
- 创建 FlutterAppDelegate 子类
- 如果不能直接让 FlutterAppDelegate 成为子类
启动选项
- Dart 入口
- Dart 库
- 路由
- 其它

在 iOS 应用中添加 Flutter 页面

启动 FlutterEngine 和 FlutterViewController
使用 FlutterAppDelegate
- 创建 FlutterAppDelegate 子类
- 如果不能直接让 FlutterAppDelegate 成为子类
启动选项
- Dart 入口
- Dart 库
- 路由
- 其它

本指南描述了怎样在既有 iOS 应用中添加单个 Flutter 页面。

为了在既有 iOS 应用中展示 Flutter 页面，请启动 FlutterEngine 和 FlutterViewController。

FlutterEngine 的寿命可能与 FlutterViewController 相同，也可能超过 FlutterViewController。

加载顺序和性能里有更多关于预热 engine 的延迟和内存取舍的分析。

在哪创建 FlutterEngine 取决于你要用的宿主类型。

在这个例子中，我们在名为 FlutterDependencies 的 SwiftUI Observable 对象中创建了一个 FlutterEngine 对象。调用 run() 为引擎预热，然后使用 environment() view modifier 将此对象传递给了 ContentView。

MyApp.swift
swiftimport SwiftUI
import Flutter
// The following library connects plugins with iOS platform code to this app.
import FlutterPluginRegistrant

@Observable
class FlutterDependencies {
  let flutterEngine = FlutterEngine(name: "my flutter engine")
  init() {
    // Runs the default Dart entrypoint with a default Flutter route.
    flutterEngine.run()
    // Connects plugins with iOS platform code to this app.
    GeneratedPluginRegistrant.register(with: self.flutterEngine);
  }
}

@main
struct MyApp: App {
    // flutterDependencies will be injected through the view environment.
    @State var flutterDependencies = FlutterDependencies()
    var body: some Scene {
      WindowGroup {
        ContentView()
          .environment(flutterDependencies)
      }
    }
}

这个例子中，我们在应用启动时的 App Delegate 中创建了一个 FlutterEngine 并作为属性暴露给外界。

AppDelegate.swift
swiftimport UIKit
import Flutter
// The following library connects plugins with iOS platform code to this app.
import FlutterPluginRegistrant

@UIApplicationMain
class AppDelegate: FlutterAppDelegate { // More on the FlutterAppDelegate.
  lazy var flutterEngine = FlutterEngine(name: "my flutter engine")

  override func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey: Any]?) -> Bool {
    // Runs the default Dart entrypoint with a default Flutter route.
    flutterEngine.run();
    // Connects plugins with iOS platform code to this app.
    GeneratedPluginRegistrant.register(with: self.flutterEngine);
    return super.application(application, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: launchOptions);
  }
}

下面的示例演示了，我们在应用启动时的 App Delegate 中创建了一个 FlutterEngine 并作为属性暴露给外界。

AppDelegate.h
objc@import UIKit;
@import Flutter;

@interface AppDelegate : FlutterAppDelegate // More on the FlutterAppDelegate below.
@property (nonatomic,strong) FlutterEngine *flutterEngine;
@end

AppDelegate.m
objc// The following library connects plugins with iOS platform code to this app.
#import <FlutterPluginRegistrant/GeneratedPluginRegistrant.h>

#import "AppDelegate.h"

@implementation AppDelegate

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application
    didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary<UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey, id> *)launchOptions {
  self.flutterEngine = [[FlutterEngine alloc] initWithName:@"my flutter engine"];
  // Runs the default Dart entrypoint with a default Flutter route.
  [self.flutterEngine run];
  // Connects plugins with iOS platform code to this app.
  [GeneratedPluginRegistrant registerWithRegistry:self.flutterEngine];
  return [super application:application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:launchOptions];
}

@end

下面的例子中展示了一个带有 NavigationLink 的 ContentView 连接到一个 Flutter 屏幕。首先，创建一个 FlutterViewControllerRepresentable 来代表 FlutterViewController。 FlutterViewController 的构造函数会接收一个预热过的 FlutterEngine 作为参数，并通过视图环境 (view environment) 注入。

ContentView.swift
swiftimport SwiftUI
import Flutter

struct FlutterViewControllerRepresentable: UIViewControllerRepresentable {
  // Flutter dependencies are passed in through the view environment.
  @Environment(FlutterDependencies.self) var flutterDependencies
  
  func makeUIViewController(context: Context) -> some UIViewController {
    return FlutterViewController(
      engine: flutterDependencies.flutterEngine,
      nibName: nil,
      bundle: nil)
  }
  
  func updateUIViewController(_ uiViewController: UIViewControllerType, context: Context) {}
}

struct ContentView: View {

  var body: some View {
    NavigationStack {
      NavigationLink("My Flutter Feature") {
        FlutterViewControllerRepresentable()
      }
    }
  }
}

下面的例子展示了一个普通的 ViewController，包含一个能跳转到 FlutterViewController 的 UIButton，这个 FlutterViewController 使用在 AppDelegate 中创建的 Flutter 引擎 (FlutterEngine)。

ViewController.swift
swiftimport Flutter

class ViewController: UIViewController {
  override func viewDidLoad() {
    super.viewDidLoad()

    // Make a button to call the showFlutter function when pressed.
    let button = UIButton(type:UIButton.ButtonType.custom)
    button.addTarget(self, action: #selector(showFlutter), for: .touchUpInside)
    button.setTitle("Show Flutter!", for: UIControl.State.normal)
    button.frame = CGRect(x: 80.0, y: 210.0, width: 160.0, height: 40.0)
    button.backgroundColor = UIColor.blue
    self.view.addSubview(button)
  }

  @objc func showFlutter() {
    let flutterEngine = (UIApplication.shared.delegate as! AppDelegate).flutterEngine
    let flutterViewController =
        FlutterViewController(engine: flutterEngine, nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
    present(flutterViewController, animated: true, completion: nil)
  }
}

下面的例子中展示了在一个常见的 ViewController，包含一个能跳转到 FlutterViewController 的 UIButton， FlutterViewController 会使用在 AppDelegate 中创建的 FlutterEngine 实例。

ViewController.m
objc@import Flutter;
#import "AppDelegate.h"
#import "ViewController.h"

@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];

    // Make a button to call the showFlutter function when pressed.
    UIButton *button = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom];
    [button addTarget:self
               action:@selector(showFlutter)
     forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
    [button setTitle:@"Show Flutter!" forState:UIControlStateNormal];
    button.backgroundColor = UIColor.blueColor;
    button.frame = CGRectMake(80.0, 210.0, 160.0, 40.0);
    [self.view addSubview:button];
}

- (void)showFlutter {
    FlutterEngine *flutterEngine =
        ((AppDelegate *)UIApplication.sharedApplication.delegate).flutterEngine;
    FlutterViewController *flutterViewController =
        [[FlutterViewController alloc] initWithEngine:flutterEngine nibName:nil bundle:nil];
    [self presentViewController:flutterViewController animated:YES completion:nil];
}
@end

现在，你的 iOS 应用中集成了一个 Flutter 页面。

上一个示例还有另一个选择，你可以让 FlutterViewController 隐式创建它自己的 FlutterEngine，而不用提前预热 engine。

不过不建议这样做，因为按需创建FlutterEngine 的话，在 FlutterViewController 被 present 出来之后，第一帧图像渲染完之前，将会引入明显的延迟。但是当 Flutter 页面很少被展示时，当对决定何时启动 Dart VM 没有好的启发时，当 Flutter 无需在页面（view controller）之间保持状态时，此方式可能会有用。

为了不使用已经存在的 FlutterEngine 来展现 FlutterViewController，省略 FlutterEngine 的创建步骤，并且在创建 FlutterViewController 时，去掉 engine 的引用。

ContentView.swift
swiftimport SwiftUI
import Flutter

struct FlutterViewControllerRepresentable: UIViewControllerRepresentable {
  func makeUIViewController(context: Context) -> some UIViewController {
    return FlutterViewController(
      project: nil,
      nibName: nil,
      bundle: nil)
  }
  
  func updateUIViewController(_ uiViewController: UIViewControllerType, context: Context) {}
}

struct ContentView: View {
  var body: some View {
    NavigationStack {
      NavigationLink("My Flutter Feature") {
        FlutterViewControllerRepresentable()
      }
    }
  }
}

ViewController.swift
swift// Existing code omitted.
func showFlutter() {
  let flutterViewController = FlutterViewController(project: nil, nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
  present(flutterViewController, animated: true, completion: nil)
}

ViewController.m
objc// Existing code omitted.
- (void)showFlutter {
  FlutterViewController *flutterViewController =
      [[FlutterViewController alloc] initWithProject:nil nibName:nil bundle:nil];
  [self presentViewController:flutterViewController animated:YES completion:nil];
}
@end

查看加载顺序和性能了解更多关于延迟和内存使用的探索。

推荐让你应用的 UIApplicationDelegate 继承 FlutterAppDelegate，但不是必须的。

FlutterAppDelegate 有这些功能：

传递应用的回调，例如 openURL 到 Flutter 的插件 —— local_auth。
当手机屏幕锁定时，在调试模式下保持 Flutter 连接处于开启状态。

启动 FlutterEngine 和 FlutterViewController 文档中展示了如何在使用 UIKit 的应用中创建 FlutterAppDelegate 子类。在使用 SwiftUI 的应用中，你可以创建一个 FlutterAppDelegate 的子类，并使用 Observable() 宏 (macro) 对其进行注解，如下所示：

swiftimport SwiftUI
import Flutter
import FlutterPluginRegistrant

@Observable
class AppDelegate: FlutterAppDelegate {
  let flutterEngine = FlutterEngine(name: "my flutter engine")

  override func application(
    _ application: UIApplication,
    didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey: Any]?) -> Bool {
      // Runs the default Dart entrypoint with a default Flutter route.
      flutterEngine.run();
      // Used to connect plugins (only if you have plugins with iOS platform code).
      GeneratedPluginRegistrant.register(with: self.flutterEngine);
      return true;
    }
}

@main
struct MyApp: App {
  // Use this property wrapper to tell SwiftUI
  // it should use the AppDelegate class for the application delegate
  @UIApplicationDelegateAdaptor(AppDelegate.self) var appDelegate

  var body: some Scene {
      WindowGroup {
        ContentView()
      }
  }
}

然后，在视图中，可以通过视图环境 (view environment) 访问 AppDelegate。

ContentView.swift
swiftimport SwiftUI
import Flutter

struct FlutterViewControllerRepresentable: UIViewControllerRepresentable {
  // Access the AppDelegate through the view environment.
  @Environment(AppDelegate.self) var appDelegate
  
  func makeUIViewController(context: Context) -> some UIViewController {
    return FlutterViewController(
      engine: appDelegate.flutterEngine,
      nibName: nil,
      bundle: nil)
  }
  
  func updateUIViewController(_ uiViewController: UIViewControllerType, context: Context) {}
}

struct ContentView: View {

  var body: some View {
    NavigationStack {
      NavigationLink("My Flutter Feature") {
        FlutterViewControllerRepresentable()
      }
    }
  }
}

如果你的 app delegate 不能直接继承 FlutterAppDelegate，让你的 app delegate 实现 FlutterAppLifeCycleProvider 协议，来确保 Flutter plugins 接收到必要的回调。否则，依赖这些事件的 plugins 将会有无法预估的行为。

例如：

Swift
Objective-C

AppDelegate.swift
swiftimport Foundation
import Flutter

@Observable
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate, FlutterAppLifeCycleProvider {

  private let lifecycleDelegate = FlutterPluginAppLifeCycleDelegate()

  let flutterEngine = FlutterEngine(name: "my flutter engine")

  override func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey : Any]? = nil) -> Bool {
  func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey : Any]? = nil) -> Bool {
    flutterEngine.run()
    return lifecycleDelegate.application(application, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: launchOptions ?? [:])
  }

  func application(_ application: UIApplication, didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken deviceToken: Data) {
    lifecycleDelegate.application(application, didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken: deviceToken)
  }

  func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFailToRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithError error: Error) {
    lifecycleDelegate.application(application, didFailToRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithError: error)
  }

  func application(_ application: UIApplication, didReceiveRemoteNotification userInfo: [AnyHashable : Any], fetchCompletionHandler completionHandler: @escaping (UIBackgroundFetchResult) -> Void) {
    lifecycleDelegate.application(application, didReceiveRemoteNotification: userInfo, fetchCompletionHandler: completionHandler)
  }

  func application(_ app: UIApplication, open url: URL, options: [UIApplication.OpenURLOptionsKey : Any] = [:]) -> Bool {
    return lifecycleDelegate.application(app, open: url, options: options)
  }

  func application(_ application: UIApplication, handleOpen url: URL) -> Bool {
    return lifecycleDelegate.application(application, handleOpen: url)
  }

  func application(_ application: UIApplication, open url: URL, sourceApplication: String?, annotation: Any) -> Bool {
    return lifecycleDelegate.application(application, open: url, sourceApplication: sourceApplication ?? "", annotation: annotation)
  }

  func application(_ application: UIApplication, performActionFor shortcutItem: UIApplicationShortcutItem, completionHandler: @escaping (Bool) -> Void) {
    lifecycleDelegate.application(application, performActionFor: shortcutItem, completionHandler: completionHandler)
  }

  func application(_ application: UIApplication, handleEventsForBackgroundURLSession identifier: String, completionHandler: @escaping () -> Void) {
    lifecycleDelegate.application(application, handleEventsForBackgroundURLSession: identifier, completionHandler: completionHandler)
  }

  func application(_ application: UIApplication, performFetchWithCompletionHandler completionHandler: @escaping (UIBackgroundFetchResult) -> Void) {
    lifecycleDelegate.application(application, performFetchWithCompletionHandler: completionHandler)
  }

  func add(_ delegate: FlutterApplicationLifeCycleDelegate) {
    lifecycleDelegate.add(delegate)
  }
}

AppDelegate.h
objc@import Flutter;
@import UIKit;
@import FlutterPluginRegistrant;

@interface AppDelegate : UIResponder <UIApplicationDelegate, FlutterAppLifeCycleProvider>
@property (strong, nonatomic) UIWindow *window;
@property (nonatomic,strong) FlutterEngine *flutterEngine;
@end

在具体实现中，应该最大化地委托给 FlutterPluginAppLifeCycleDelegate：

AppDelegate.m
objc@interface AppDelegate ()
@property (nonatomic, strong) FlutterPluginAppLifeCycleDelegate* lifeCycleDelegate;
@end

@implementation AppDelegate

- (instancetype)init {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        _lifeCycleDelegate = [[FlutterPluginAppLifeCycleDelegate alloc] init];
    }
    return self;
}

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication*)application
didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary<UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey, id>*))launchOptions {
    self.flutterEngine = [[FlutterEngine alloc] initWithName:@"io.flutter" project:nil];
    [self.flutterEngine runWithEntrypoint:nil];
    [GeneratedPluginRegistrant registerWithRegistry:self.flutterEngine];
    return [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:launchOptions];
}

// Returns the key window's rootViewController, if it's a FlutterViewController.
// Otherwise, returns nil.
- (FlutterViewController*)rootFlutterViewController {
    UIViewController* viewController = [UIApplication sharedApplication].keyWindow.rootViewController;
    if ([viewController isKindOfClass:[FlutterViewController class]]) {
        return (FlutterViewController*)viewController;
    }
    return nil;
}

- (void)application:(UIApplication*)application
didRegisterUserNotificationSettings:(UIUserNotificationSettings*)notificationSettings {
    [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application
didRegisterUserNotificationSettings:notificationSettings];
}

- (void)application:(UIApplication*)application
didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken:(NSData*)deviceToken {
    [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application
didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken:deviceToken];
}

- (void)application:(UIApplication*)application
didReceiveRemoteNotification:(NSDictionary*)userInfo
fetchCompletionHandler:(void (^)(UIBackgroundFetchResult result))completionHandler {
    [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application
       didReceiveRemoteNotification:userInfo
             fetchCompletionHandler:completionHandler];
}

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication*)application
            openURL:(NSURL*)url
            options:(NSDictionary<UIApplicationOpenURLOptionsKey, id>*)options {
    return [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application openURL:url options:options];
}

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication*)application handleOpenURL:(NSURL*)url {
    return [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application handleOpenURL:url];
}

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication*)application
            openURL:(NSURL*)url
  sourceApplication:(NSString*)sourceApplication
         annotation:(id)annotation {
    return [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application
                                   openURL:url
                         sourceApplication:sourceApplication
                                annotation:annotation];
}

- (void)application:(UIApplication*)application
performActionForShortcutItem:(UIApplicationShortcutItem*)shortcutItem
  completionHandler:(void (^)(BOOL succeeded))completionHandler {
    [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application
       performActionForShortcutItem:shortcutItem
                  completionHandler:completionHandler];
}

- (void)application:(UIApplication*)application
handleEventsForBackgroundURLSession:(nonnull NSString*)identifier
  completionHandler:(nonnull void (^)(void))completionHandler {
    [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application
handleEventsForBackgroundURLSession:identifier
                  completionHandler:completionHandler];
}

- (void)application:(UIApplication*)application
performFetchWithCompletionHandler:(void (^)(UIBackgroundFetchResult result))completionHandler {
    [_lifeCycleDelegate application:application performFetchWithCompletionHandler:completionHandler];
}

- (void)addApplicationLifeCycleDelegate:(NSObject<FlutterPlugin>*)delegate {
    [_lifeCycleDelegate addDelegate:delegate];
}
@end

例子中展示了使用默认启动选项运行 Flutter。

为了定制化你的 Flutter 运行时，你也可以置顶 Dart 入口、库和路由。

在 FlutterEngine 上调用 run，默认将会调用你的 lib/main.dart 文件里的 main() 函数。

你也可以使用另一个入口方法 runWithEntrypoint，并使用 NSString 字符串指定一个不同的 Dart 入口。

提示

使用 main() 以外的 Dart 入口函数，必须使用下面的注解，防止被 tree-shaken 优化掉，而没有编译。

dart@pragma('vm:entry-point')
void myOtherEntrypoint() { ... };

另外，在指定 Dart 函数时，你可以指定特定文件的特定函数。

下面的例子使用 lib/other_file.dart 文件的 myOtherEntrypoint() 函数取代 lib/main.dart 的 main() 函数：

Swift
Objective-C

swiftflutterEngine.run(withEntrypoint: "myOtherEntrypoint", libraryURI: "other_file.dart")

objc[flutterEngine runWithEntrypoint:@"myOtherEntrypoint" libraryURI:@"other_file.dart"];

当构建 engine 时，可以为你的 Flutter WidgetsApp 设置一个初始路由。

Swift
Objective-C

swiftlet flutterEngine = FlutterEngine()
// FlutterDefaultDartEntrypoint is the same as nil, which will run main().
engine.run(
  withEntrypoint: "main", initialRoute: "/onboarding")

objcFlutterEngine *flutterEngine = [[FlutterEngine alloc] init];
// FlutterDefaultDartEntrypoint is the same as nil, which will run main().
[flutterEngine runWithEntrypoint:FlutterDefaultDartEntrypoint
                    initialRoute:@"/onboarding"];

这段代码使用 "/onboarding" 取代 "/"，作为你的 dart:ui 的 PlatformDispatcher.defaultRouteName

你也可以直接构造 FlutterViewController 而不用提前初始化 FlutterEngine：

Swift
Objective-C

swiftlet flutterViewController = FlutterViewController(
      project: nil, initialRoute: "/onboarding", nibName: nil, bundle: nil)

objcFlutterViewController* flutterViewController =
      [[FlutterViewController alloc] initWithProject:nil
                                        initialRoute:@"/onboarding"
                                             nibName:nil
                                              bundle:nil];

查看文档：路由和导航了解更多 Flutter 路由的内容。

之前的例子仅仅展示了怎样定制 Flutter 实例初始化的几种方式，通过撰写双端平台代码，你可以在 FlutterViewController 展示 Flutter UI 之前，自由地选择你喜欢的，推入数据和准备 Flutter 环境的方式。

除非另有说明，本文档之所提及适用于 Flutter 的最新稳定版本，本页面最后更新时间: 2024-08-05。查看文档源码或者为本页面内容提出建议。

在 iOS 应用中添加 Flutter 页面

启动 FlutterEngine 和 FlutterViewController

创建一个 FlutterEngine

使用 FlutterEngine 展示 FlutterViewController

或者 —— 使用隐式 FlutterEngine 创建 FlutterViewController

使用 FlutterAppDelegate

创建 FlutterAppDelegate 子类

如果不能直接让 FlutterAppDelegate 成为子类

启动选项

Dart 入口

Dart 库

路由

其它