创建一个嵌套导航

随着应用程序的发展,它会累积几十甚至上百条路由。虽然,有些路由可以作为顶层(全局)路由。例如,“/”、“profile”、“contact”、“social_feed” 这些都是应用中可能存在的顶层路由。但是,如果你在顶层 Navigator widget 中定义了所有可能的路由,那么路由列表将会非常庞大,实际上,许多路由更适合嵌套在其他 widget 中处理。

设想一个用于无线灯泡的物联网 (IoT) 设置流程,你可以通过应用程序来控制这个灯泡。该设置流程包括 4 个页面:查找附近的灯泡、选择你要添加的灯泡、添加灯泡、最后完成设置。你可以在顶层 Navigator widget 中协调这些操作。然而,更合理的做法是,在你的 SetupFlow widget 中定义一个嵌套的 Navigator widget,并让这个嵌套的 Navigator 负责管理设置流程中的这 4 个页面。这种导航委托方式有助于加强局部控制,这在软件开发中通常是更可取的。

下面的动画展示了应用程序的行为:

Gif showing the nested "setup" flow

在这个教程中,你将实现一个包含四个页面的物联网 (IoT) 设置流程,该流程在顶层 Navigator widget 下嵌套了单独管理的导航。

导航准备阶段

#

这个物联网 (IoT) 应用程序包含两个顶层页面,以及一个设置流程。将这些路由名称定义为常量,以便在代码中引用它们。

dart
const routeHome = '/';
const routeSettings = '/settings';
const routePrefixDeviceSetup = '/setup/';
const routeDeviceSetupStart = '/setup/$routeDeviceSetupStartPage';
const routeDeviceSetupStartPage = 'find_devices';
const routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage = 'select_device';
const routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage = 'connecting';
const routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage = 'finished';

主页和设置页的路由是使用静态名称引用的。然而,设置流程中的页面是通过两个路径组合来生成它们的路由名称的:首先是一个 /setup/ 前缀,然后是具体页面的名称。通过将这两个路径组合在一起,你的 Navigator 可以判断出某个路由名称是否属于设置流程,而无需识别所有与设置流程相关的具体页面。

顶层 Navigator 不负责识别具体的设置流程页面。因此,顶层 Navigator 需要解析传入的路由名称,以识别设置流程的前缀。由于需要解析路由名称,不能使用顶层 Navigatorroutes 属性。相反,你必须为 onGenerateRoute 属性提供一个函数。

实现 onGenerateRoute 函数,以便为三个顶层路径分别返回相应的 widget。

dart
onGenerateRoute: (settings) {
  final Widget page;
  if (settings.name == routeHome) {
    page = const HomeScreen();
  } else if (settings.name == routeSettings) {
    page = const SettingsScreen();
  } else if (settings.name!.startsWith(routePrefixDeviceSetup)) {
    final subRoute =
        settings.name!.substring(routePrefixDeviceSetup.length);
    page = SetupFlow(
      setupPageRoute: subRoute,
    );
  } else {
    throw Exception('Unknown route: ${settings.name}');
  }

  return MaterialPageRoute<dynamic>(
    builder: (context) {
      return page;
    },
    settings: settings,
  );
},

请注意,主页和设置页的路由是与精确的路由名称相匹配的。然而,设置流程的路由条件只检查前缀。如果路由名称包含设置流程的前缀,那么路由名称的其余部分将被忽略,并将其余部分传递给 SetupFlow widget 进行处理。这种对路由名称的拆分方式,使顶层 Navigator 可以不关注设置流程中的各个子路由。

创建一个名为 SetupFlow 的 stateful widget,该 widget 接收一个路由名称作为参数。

dart
class SetupFlow extends StatefulWidget {
  const SetupFlow({
    super.key,
    required this.setupPageRoute,
  });

  final String setupPageRoute;

  @override
  State<SetupFlow> createState() => SetupFlowState();
}

class SetupFlowState extends State<SetupFlow> {
  //...
}

为设置流程显示一个 AppBar

#

设置流程显示一个始终可见的 AppBar,贯穿设置流程中的所有页面。

在你的 SetupFlow widget 的 build() 方法中返回一个 Scaffold widget,并包含所需的 AppBar widget。

dart
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Scaffold(
    appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(),
    body: const SizedBox(),
  );
}

PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() {
  return AppBar(
    title: const Text('Bulb Setup'),
  );
}

AppBar 显示一个返回箭头,当返回箭头被按下时,会退出设置流程。然而,退出流程会导致用户丢失所有进度。因此,系统会提示用户确认是否真的想要退出设置流程。

提示用户确认是否退出设置流程,并确保在用户按下 Android 设备上的实体返回按钮时也会出现该提示。

dart
Future<void> _onExitPressed() async {
  final isConfirmed = await _isExitDesired();

  if (isConfirmed && mounted) {
    _exitSetup();
  }
}

Future<bool> _isExitDesired() async {
  return await showDialog<bool>(
          context: context,
          builder: (context) {
            return AlertDialog(
              title: const Text('Are you sure?'),
              content: const Text(
                  'If you exit device setup, your progress will be lost.'),
              actions: [
                TextButton(
                  onPressed: () {
                    Navigator.of(context).pop(true);
                  },
                  child: const Text('Leave'),
                ),
                TextButton(
                  onPressed: () {
                    Navigator.of(context).pop(false);
                  },
                  child: const Text('Stay'),
                ),
              ],
            );
          }) ??
      false;
}

void _exitSetup() {
  Navigator.of(context).pop();
}

@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return PopScope(
    canPop: false,
    onPopInvokedWithResult: (didPop, _) async {
      if (didPop) return;

      if (await _isExitDesired() && context.mounted) {
        _exitSetup();
      }
    },
    child: Scaffold(
      appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(),
      body: const SizedBox(),
    ),
  );
}

PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() {
  return AppBar(
    leading: IconButton(
      onPressed: _onExitPressed,
      icon: const Icon(Icons.chevron_left),
    ),
    title: const Text('Bulb Setup'),
  );
}

当用户点击 AppBar 中的返回箭头或按下 Android 设备上的实体返回按钮时,会弹出一个警告对话框,确认用户是否要离开设置流程。如果用户点击 Leave,则设置流程会从顶层导航堆栈中移除。如果用户点击 Stay,则忽略该操作。

你可能会注意到, LeaveStay 按钮都会调用 Navigator.pop()。需要明确的是,这个 pop() 操作是将警告对话框从导航堆栈中移除,而不是移除设置流程。

创建嵌套路由

#

设置流程的任务是显示流程中相应的页面。

SetupFlow 中添加一个 Navigator widget,并实现 onGenerateRoute 属性。

dart
final _navigatorKey = GlobalKey<NavigatorState>();

void _onDiscoveryComplete() {
  _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage);
}

void _onDeviceSelected(String deviceId) {
  _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage);
}

void _onConnectionEstablished() {
  _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage);
}

@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return PopScope(
    canPop: false,
    onPopInvokedWithResult: (didPop, _) async {
      if (didPop) return;

      if (await _isExitDesired() && context.mounted) {
        _exitSetup();
      }
    },
    child: Scaffold(
      appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(),
      body: Navigator(
        key: _navigatorKey,
        initialRoute: widget.setupPageRoute,
        onGenerateRoute: _onGenerateRoute,
      ),
    ),
  );
}

Route<Widget> _onGenerateRoute(RouteSettings settings) {
  final page = switch (settings.name) {
    routeDeviceSetupStartPage => WaitingPage(
        message: 'Searching for nearby bulb...',
        onWaitComplete: _onDiscoveryComplete,
      ),
    routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage => SelectDevicePage(
        onDeviceSelected: _onDeviceSelected,
      ),
    routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage => WaitingPage(
        message: 'Connecting...',
        onWaitComplete: _onConnectionEstablished,
      ),
    routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage => FinishedPage(
        onFinishPressed: _exitSetup,
      ),
    _ => throw StateError('Unexpected route name: ${settings.name}!')
  };

  return MaterialPageRoute(
    builder: (context) {
      return page;
    },
    settings: settings,
  );
}

_onGenerateRoute 函数的工作方式与顶层 Navigator 相同。该函数接收一个RouteSettings 对象,其中包含了路由名称 name。根据路由名称,将返回四个流程页面之一。

第一页名为 find_devices,它会等待几秒钟来模拟网络扫描。在等待时间结束后,页面会调用其回调函数。在这个教程中,回调函数是 _onDiscoveryComplete。设置流程识别到设备发现完成后,应该显示设备选择页面。因此,在 _onDiscoveryComplete 中, _navigatorKey 指示嵌套的 Navigator 导航到 select_device 页面。

select_device 页面要求用户从可用设备列表中选择一个设备。在这个教程中,只向用户展示了一个设备。当用户点击设备时,onDeviceSelected 回调被调用。设置流程识别到设备选择后,应该显示连接页面。因此,在 _onDeviceSelected 中, _navigatorKey 指示嵌套的 Navigator 导航到 "connecting" 页面。

connecting 页面与 find_devices 页面工作方式相同。 connecting 页面等待几秒钟,然后调用其回调函数。在这个教程中,回调函数是 _onConnectionEstablished。设置流程识别到连接建立后,应该显示最终页面。因此,在 _onConnectionEstablished 中, _navigatorKey 指示嵌套的 Navigator 导航到 finished 页面。

finished 页面提供了一个 Finish 按钮。当用户点击 Finish 时,_exitSetup 回调被调用,这会将整个设置流程从顶层 Navigator 堆栈中移除,使用户回到主页。

恭喜你!你实现了具有四个子路由的嵌套导航。

交互示例

#

运行应用程序:

  • Add your first bulb 页面上,点击带有加号 + 的悬浮操作按钮。这会将你带到 Select a nearby device 页面。页面上列出了一个灯泡设备。

  • 点击列出的灯泡设备。页面上出现 Finish 按钮。

  • 按下 Finish 按钮返回第一页。

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

const routeHome = '/';
const routeSettings = '/settings';
const routePrefixDeviceSetup = '/setup/';
const routeDeviceSetupStart = '/setup/$routeDeviceSetupStartPage';
const routeDeviceSetupStartPage = 'find_devices';
const routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage = 'select_device';
const routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage = 'connecting';
const routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage = 'finished';

void main() {
  runApp(
    MaterialApp(
      theme: ThemeData(
        brightness: Brightness.dark,
        appBarTheme: const AppBarTheme(
          backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
        ),
        floatingActionButtonTheme: const FloatingActionButtonThemeData(
          backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
        ),
      ),
      onGenerateRoute: (settings) {
        final Widget page;
        if (settings.name == routeHome) {
          page = const HomeScreen();
        } else if (settings.name == routeSettings) {
          page = const SettingsScreen();
        } else if (settings.name!.startsWith(routePrefixDeviceSetup)) {
          final subRoute =
              settings.name!.substring(routePrefixDeviceSetup.length);
          page = SetupFlow(
            setupPageRoute: subRoute,
          );
        } else {
          throw Exception('Unknown route: ${settings.name}');
        }

        return MaterialPageRoute<dynamic>(
          builder: (context) {
            return page;
          },
          settings: settings,
        );
      },
      debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
    ),
  );
}

@immutable
class SetupFlow extends StatefulWidget {
  static SetupFlowState of(BuildContext context) {
    return context.findAncestorStateOfType<SetupFlowState>()!;
  }

  const SetupFlow({
    super.key,
    required this.setupPageRoute,
  });

  final String setupPageRoute;

  @override
  SetupFlowState createState() => SetupFlowState();
}

class SetupFlowState extends State<SetupFlow> {
  final _navigatorKey = GlobalKey<NavigatorState>();

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
  }

  void _onDiscoveryComplete() {
    _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage);
  }

  void _onDeviceSelected(String deviceId) {
    _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage);
  }

  void _onConnectionEstablished() {
    _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage);
  }

  Future<void> _onExitPressed() async {
    final isConfirmed = await _isExitDesired();

    if (isConfirmed && mounted) {
      _exitSetup();
    }
  }

  Future<bool> _isExitDesired() async {
    return await showDialog<bool>(
            context: context,
            builder: (context) {
              return AlertDialog(
                title: const Text('Are you sure?'),
                content: const Text(
                    'If you exit device setup, your progress will be lost.'),
                actions: [
                  TextButton(
                    onPressed: () {
                      Navigator.of(context).pop(true);
                    },
                    child: const Text('Leave'),
                  ),
                  TextButton(
                    onPressed: () {
                      Navigator.of(context).pop(false);
                    },
                    child: const Text('Stay'),
                  ),
                ],
              );
            }) ??
        false;
  }

  void _exitSetup() {
    Navigator.of(context).pop();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return PopScope(
      canPop: false,
      onPopInvokedWithResult: (didPop, _) async {
        if (didPop) return;

        if (await _isExitDesired() && context.mounted) {
          _exitSetup();
        }
      },
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(),
        body: Navigator(
          key: _navigatorKey,
          initialRoute: widget.setupPageRoute,
          onGenerateRoute: _onGenerateRoute,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Route<Widget> _onGenerateRoute(RouteSettings settings) {
    final page = switch (settings.name) {
      routeDeviceSetupStartPage => WaitingPage(
          message: 'Searching for nearby bulb...',
          onWaitComplete: _onDiscoveryComplete,
        ),
      routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage => SelectDevicePage(
          onDeviceSelected: _onDeviceSelected,
        ),
      routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage => WaitingPage(
          message: 'Connecting...',
          onWaitComplete: _onConnectionEstablished,
        ),
      routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage => FinishedPage(
          onFinishPressed: _exitSetup,
        ),
      _ => throw StateError('Unexpected route name: ${settings.name}!')
    };

    return MaterialPageRoute(
      builder: (context) {
        return page;
      },
      settings: settings,
    );
  }

  PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() {
    return AppBar(
      leading: IconButton(
        onPressed: _onExitPressed,
        icon: const Icon(Icons.chevron_left),
      ),
      title: const Text('Bulb Setup'),
    );
  }
}

class SelectDevicePage extends StatelessWidget {
  const SelectDevicePage({
    super.key,
    required this.onDeviceSelected,
  });

  final void Function(String deviceId) onDeviceSelected;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24),
          child: Column(
            mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
            children: [
              Text(
                'Select a nearby device:',
                style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.titleLarge,
              ),
              const SizedBox(height: 24),
              SizedBox(
                width: double.infinity,
                height: 54,
                child: ElevatedButton(
                  style: ButtonStyle(
                    backgroundColor: WidgetStateColor.resolveWith((states) {
                      return const Color(0xFF222222);
                    }),
                  ),
                  onPressed: () {
                    onDeviceSelected('22n483nk5834');
                  },
                  child: const Text(
                    'Bulb 22n483nk5834',
                    style: TextStyle(
                      fontSize: 24,
                    ),
                  ),
                ),
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class WaitingPage extends StatefulWidget {
  const WaitingPage({
    super.key,
    required this.message,
    required this.onWaitComplete,
  });

  final String message;
  final VoidCallback onWaitComplete;

  @override
  State<WaitingPage> createState() => _WaitingPageState();
}

class _WaitingPageState extends State<WaitingPage> {
  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _startWaiting();
  }

  Future<void> _startWaiting() async {
    await Future<dynamic>.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 3));

    if (mounted) {
      widget.onWaitComplete();
    }
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24),
          child: Column(
            mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
            children: [
              const CircularProgressIndicator(),
              const SizedBox(height: 32),
              Text(widget.message),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class FinishedPage extends StatelessWidget {
  const FinishedPage({
    super.key,
    required this.onFinishPressed,
  });

  final VoidCallback onFinishPressed;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24),
          child: SingleChildScrollView(
            child: Column(
              mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
              children: [
                Container(
                  width: 200,
                  height: 200,
                  decoration: const BoxDecoration(
                    shape: BoxShape.circle,
                    color: Color(0xFF222222),
                  ),
                  child: const Center(
                    child: Icon(
                      Icons.lightbulb,
                      size: 140,
                      color: Colors.white,
                    ),
                  ),
                ),
                const SizedBox(height: 32),
                const Text(
                  'Bulb added!',
                  textAlign: TextAlign.center,
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 24,
                    fontWeight: FontWeight.bold,
                  ),
                ),
                const SizedBox(height: 32),
                ElevatedButton(
                  style: ButtonStyle(
                    padding: WidgetStateProperty.resolveWith((states) {
                      return const EdgeInsets.symmetric(
                          horizontal: 24, vertical: 12);
                    }),
                    backgroundColor: WidgetStateColor.resolveWith((states) {
                      return const Color(0xFF222222);
                    }),
                    shape: WidgetStateProperty.resolveWith((states) {
                      return const StadiumBorder();
                    }),
                  ),
                  onPressed: onFinishPressed,
                  child: const Text(
                    'Finish',
                    style: TextStyle(
                      fontSize: 24,
                    ),
                  ),
                ),
              ],
            ),
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

@immutable
class HomeScreen extends StatelessWidget {
  const HomeScreen({
    super.key,
  });

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: _buildAppBar(context),
      body: Center(
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24),
          child: Column(
            mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
            children: [
              Container(
                width: 200,
                height: 200,
                decoration: const BoxDecoration(
                  shape: BoxShape.circle,
                  color: Color(0xFF222222),
                ),
                child: Center(
                  child: Icon(
                    Icons.lightbulb,
                    size: 140,
                    color: Theme.of(context).scaffoldBackgroundColor,
                  ),
                ),
              ),
              const SizedBox(height: 32),
              const Text(
                'Add your first bulb',
                textAlign: TextAlign.center,
                style: TextStyle(
                  fontSize: 24,
                  fontWeight: FontWeight.bold,
                ),
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: () {
          Navigator.of(context).pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupStart);
        },
        child: const Icon(Icons.add),
      ),
    );
  }

  PreferredSizeWidget _buildAppBar(BuildContext context) {
    return AppBar(
      title: const Text('Welcome'),
      actions: [
        IconButton(
          icon: const Icon(Icons.settings),
          onPressed: () {
            Navigator.pushNamed(context, routeSettings);
          },
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

class SettingsScreen extends StatelessWidget {
  const SettingsScreen({
    super.key,
  });

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: _buildAppBar(),
      body: SingleChildScrollView(
        child: Column(
          mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
          children: List.generate(8, (index) {
            return Container(
              width: double.infinity,
              height: 54,
              margin: const EdgeInsets.only(left: 16, right: 16, top: 16),
              decoration: BoxDecoration(
                borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(8),
                color: const Color(0xFF222222),
              ),
            );
          }),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  PreferredSizeWidget _buildAppBar() {
    return AppBar(
      title: const Text('Settings'),
    );
  }
}