创建一个渐变色的对话气泡

Traditional chat apps display messages in chat bubbles with solid color backgrounds. Modern chat apps display chat bubbles with gradients that are based on the bubbles' position on the screen. In this recipe, you'll modernize the chat UI by implementing gradient backgrounds for the chat bubbles.

The following animation shows the app's behavior:

The traditional chat bubble solution probably uses a DecoratedBox or a similar widget to paint a rounded rectangle behind each chat message. That approach is great for a solid color or even for a gradient that repeats in every chat bubble. However, modern, full-screen, gradient bubble backgrounds require a different approach. The full-screen gradient, combined with bubbles scrolling up and down the screen, requires an approach that allows you to make painting decisions based on layout information.

Each bubble's gradient requires knowledge of the bubble's location on the screen. This means that the painting behavior requires access to layout information. Such painting behavior isn't possible with typical widgets because widgets like Container and DecoratedBox make decisions about background colors before layout occurs, not after. In this case, because you require custom painting behavior, but you don't require custom layout behavior or custom hit test behavior, a CustomPainter is a great choice to get the job done.

Replace the widget responsible for drawing the background with a new stateless widget called BubbleBackground. Include a colors property to represent the full-screen gradient that should be applied to the bubble.

BubbleBackground(
  // The colors of the gradient, which are different
  // depending on which user sent this message.
  colors: message.isMine
      ? const [Color(0xFF6C7689), Color(0xFF3A364B)]
      : const [Color(0xFF19B7FF), Color(0xFF491CCB)],
  // The content within the bubble.
  child: DefaultTextStyle.merge(
    style: const TextStyle(
      fontSize: 18.0,
      color: Colors.white,
    ),
    child: Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(12),
      child: Text(message.text),
    ),
  ),
);

Next, introduce an implementation for BubbleBackground as a stateless widget. For now, define the build() method to return a CustomPaint with a CustomPainter called BubblePainter. BubblePainter is used to paint the bubble gradients.

@immutable
class BubbleBackground extends StatelessWidget {
  const BubbleBackground({
    super.key,
    required this.colors,
    this.child,
  });

  final List<Color> colors;
  final Widget? child;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return CustomPaint(
      painter: BubblePainter(
        colors: colors,
      ),
      child: child,
    );
  }
}

class BubblePainter extends CustomPainter {
  BubblePainter({
    required List<Color> colors,
  }) : _colors = colors;

  final List<Color> _colors;

  @override
  void paint(Canvas canvas, Size size) {
    // TODO:
  }

  @override
  bool shouldRepaint(BubblePainter oldDelegate) {
    // TODO:
    return false;
  }
}

The CustomPainter requires the information necessary to determine where its bubble is within the ListView's bounds, also known as the Viewport. Determining the location requires a reference to the ancestor ScrollableState and a reference to the BubbleBackground's BuildContext. Provide each of those to the CustomPainter.

BubblePainter(
  colors: colors,
  bubbleContext: context,
  scrollable: ScrollableState(),
),

class BubblePainter extends CustomPainter {
  BubblePainter({
    required ScrollableState scrollable,
    required BuildContext bubbleContext,
    required List<Color> colors,
  })  : _scrollable = scrollable,
        _bubbleContext = bubbleContext,
        _colors = colors;

  final ScrollableState _scrollable;
  final BuildContext _bubbleContext;
  final List<Color> _colors;

  @override
  bool shouldRepaint(BubblePainter oldDelegate) {
    return oldDelegate._scrollable != _scrollable ||
        oldDelegate._bubbleContext != _bubbleContext ||
        oldDelegate._colors != _colors;
  }
}

The CustomPainter now has the desired gradient colors, a reference to the containing ScrollableState, and a reference to this bubble's BuildContext. This is all the information that the CustomPainter needs to paint the full-screen bubble gradients. Implement the paint() method to calculate the position of the bubble, configure a shader with the given colors, and then use a matrix translation to offset the shader based on the bubble's position within the Scrollable.

class BubblePainter extends CustomPainter {
  BubblePainter({
    required ScrollableState scrollable,
    required BuildContext bubbleContext,
    required List<Color> colors,
  })  : _scrollable = scrollable,
        _bubbleContext = bubbleContext,
        _colors = colors;

  final ScrollableState _scrollable;
  final BuildContext _bubbleContext;
  final List<Color> _colors;

  @override
  bool shouldRepaint(BubblePainter oldDelegate) {
    return oldDelegate._scrollable != _scrollable ||
        oldDelegate._bubbleContext != _bubbleContext ||
        oldDelegate._colors != _colors;
  }

  @override
  void paint(Canvas canvas, Size size) {
    final scrollableBox = _scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
    final scrollableRect = Offset.zero & scrollableBox.size;
    final bubbleBox = _bubbleContext.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;

    final origin =
        bubbleBox.localToGlobal(Offset.zero, ancestor: scrollableBox);
    final paint = Paint()
      ..shader = ui.Gradient.linear(
        scrollableRect.topCenter,
        scrollableRect.bottomCenter,
        _colors,
        [0.0, 1.0],
        TileMode.clamp,
        Matrix4.translationValues(-origin.dx, -origin.dy, 0.0).storage,
      );
    canvas.drawRect(Offset.zero & size, paint);
  }
}

Congratulations! You now have a modern, chat bubble UI.

Run the app:

• Scroll up and down to observe the gradient effect.
• Chat bubbles located at the bottom of the screen have a darker gradient color than the ones at the top.

import 'dart:math';
import 'dart:ui' as ui;

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(const App(home: ExampleGradientBubbles()));
}

@immutable
class App extends StatelessWidget {
  const App({super.key, this.home});

  final Widget? home;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
      title: 'Flutter Chat',
      theme: ThemeData.dark(useMaterial3: true),
      home: home,
    );
  }
}

@immutable
class ExampleGradientBubbles extends StatefulWidget {
  const ExampleGradientBubbles({super.key});

  @override
  State<ExampleGradientBubbles> createState() => _ExampleGradientBubblesState();
}

class _ExampleGradientBubblesState extends State<ExampleGradientBubbles> {
  late final List<Message> data;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    data = MessageGenerator.generate(60, 1337);
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Theme(
      data: ThemeData(
        brightness: Brightness.dark,
        primaryColor: const Color(0xFF4F4F4F),
      ),
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: const Text('Flutter Chat'),
        ),
        body: ListView.builder(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 16.0),
          reverse: true,
          itemCount: data.length,
          itemBuilder: (context, index) {
            final message = data[index];
            return MessageBubble(
              message: message,
              child: Text(message.text),
            );
          },
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

@immutable
class MessageBubble extends StatelessWidget {
  const MessageBubble({
    super.key,
    required this.message,
    required this.child,
  });

  final Message message;
  final Widget child;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final messageAlignment =
        message.isMine ? Alignment.topLeft : Alignment.topRight;

    return FractionallySizedBox(
      alignment: messageAlignment,
      widthFactor: 0.8,
      child: Align(
        alignment: messageAlignment,
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 6.0, horizontal: 20.0),
          child: ClipRRect(
            borderRadius: const BorderRadius.all(Radius.circular(16.0)),
            child: BubbleBackground(
              colors: [
                if (message.isMine) ...const [
                  Color(0xFF6C7689),
                  Color(0xFF3A364B),
                ] else ...const [
                  Color(0xFF19B7FF),
                  Color(0xFF491CCB),
                ],
              ],
              child: DefaultTextStyle.merge(
                style: const TextStyle(
                  fontSize: 18.0,
                  color: Colors.white,
                ),
                child: Padding(
                  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(12.0),
                  child: child,
                ),
              ),
            ),
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

@immutable
class BubbleBackground extends StatelessWidget {
  const BubbleBackground({
    super.key,
    required this.colors,
    this.child,
  });

  final List<Color> colors;
  final Widget? child;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return CustomPaint(
      painter: BubblePainter(
        scrollable: Scrollable.of(context),
        bubbleContext: context,
        colors: colors,
      ),
      child: child,
    );
  }
}

class BubblePainter extends CustomPainter {
  BubblePainter({
    required ScrollableState scrollable,
    required BuildContext bubbleContext,
    required List<Color> colors,
  })  : _scrollable = scrollable,
        _bubbleContext = bubbleContext,
        _colors = colors,
        super(repaint: scrollable.position);

  final ScrollableState _scrollable;
  final BuildContext _bubbleContext;
  final List<Color> _colors;

  @override
  void paint(Canvas canvas, Size size) {
    final scrollableBox = _scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
    final scrollableRect = Offset.zero & scrollableBox.size;
    final bubbleBox = _bubbleContext.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;

    final origin =
        bubbleBox.localToGlobal(Offset.zero, ancestor: scrollableBox);
    final paint = Paint()
      ..shader = ui.Gradient.linear(
        scrollableRect.topCenter,
        scrollableRect.bottomCenter,
        _colors,
        [0.0, 1.0],
        TileMode.clamp,
        Matrix4.translationValues(-origin.dx, -origin.dy, 0.0).storage,
      );
    canvas.drawRect(Offset.zero & size, paint);
  }

  @override
  bool shouldRepaint(BubblePainter oldDelegate) {
    return oldDelegate._scrollable != _scrollable ||
        oldDelegate._bubbleContext != _bubbleContext ||
        oldDelegate._colors != _colors;
  }
}

enum MessageOwner { myself, other }

@immutable
class Message {
  const Message({
    required this.owner,
    required this.text,
  });

  final MessageOwner owner;
  final String text;

  bool get isMine => owner == MessageOwner.myself;
}

class MessageGenerator {
  static List<Message> generate(int count, [int? seed]) {
    final random = Random(seed);
    return List.unmodifiable(List<Message>.generate(count, (index) {
      return Message(
        owner: random.nextBool() ? MessageOwner.myself : MessageOwner.other,
        text: _exampleData[random.nextInt(_exampleData.length)],
      );
    }));
  }

  static final _exampleData = [
    'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.',
    'In tempus mauris at velit egestas, sed blandit felis ultrices.',
    'Ut molestie mauris et ligula finibus iaculis.',
    'Sed a tempor ligula.',
    'Test',
    'Phasellus ullamcorper, mi ut imperdiet consequat, nibh augue condimentum nunc, vitae molestie massa augue nec erat.',
    'Donec scelerisque, erat vel placerat facilisis, eros turpis egestas nulla, a sodales elit nibh et enim.',
    'Mauris quis dignissim neque. In a odio leo. Aliquam egestas egestas tempor. Etiam at tortor metus.',
    'Quisque lacinia imperdiet faucibus.',
    'Proin egestas arcu non nisl laoreet, vitae iaculis enim volutpat. In vehicula convallis magna.',
    'Phasellus at diam a sapien laoreet gravida.',
    'Fusce maximus fermentum sem a scelerisque.',
    'Nam convallis sapien augue, malesuada aliquam dui bibendum nec.',
    'Quisque dictum tincidunt ex non lobortis.',
    'In hac habitasse platea dictumst.',
    'Ut pharetra ligula libero, sit amet imperdiet lorem luctus sit amet.',
    'Sed ex lorem, lacinia et varius vitae, sagittis eget libero.',
    'Vestibulum scelerisque velit sed augue ultricies, ut vestibulum lorem luctus.',
    'Pellentesque et risus pretium, egestas ipsum at, facilisis lectus.',
    'Praesent id eleifend lacus.',
    'Fusce convallis eu tortor sit amet mattis.',
    'Vivamus lacinia magna ut urna feugiat tincidunt.',
    'Sed in diam ut dolor imperdiet vehicula non ac turpis.',
    'Praesent at est hendrerit, laoreet tortor sed, varius mi.',
    'Nunc in odio leo.',
    'Praesent placerat semper libero, ut aliquet dolor.',
    'Vestibulum elementum leo metus, vitae auctor lorem tincidunt ut.',
  ];
}

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